Brain stem vascular lesions
Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery causes medial medullary syndrome, presenting with inferior alternating hemiplegia.
Ipsilateral paralysis of tongue.
Contralateral hemiplegia.
Contralateral sensory deficits.
Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebelllar artery causes lateral medullary syndrome featured
Contralateral hemianaesthesia of the body below the head.
Ipsilateral hemianaesthesia of the face.
Cerebellar dysfunction.
Speech and swallowing disorders.
Horners syndrome.
Occlusion of the paramedian branches of the basilar arteries causes middle alternating hemiplegia.
Contralateral hemiplegia.
Medial deviation of the eyeball.
Obstruction of the short circumferential arteries from the basilar artery cause:
Ipsilateral cerebellar dysfunction
Autonomic disturbances
Contralateral hemianaesthesia
Occlusion of the mesencephalic branch of the posterior cerebral artery causes Weber's syndrome:
Contralateral hemiplegia
Ipsilateral lateral deviation of the eyeball
Cerebral Cortical Vascular Lesions
Occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery causes a triad of:
Contralateral hemiplegia
Hemianopia
Hemi hyperacusis
Occlusion of anterior cerebral arteries may cause:
Contralateral hemiplegia
Contralateral hemianaesthesia ( both mainly affect the lower limb)
Agnosia
Personality changes
Occlusion of the calcarine artery causes homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing (Tunnel vison):
Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery near the origin of its cortical branches causes
Contralateral hemiplegia , most marked in the upper extremity and face.
Contralateral loss of position sense and discriminatory touch.
Global aphasia if its on the dominant side.
Partial deafness.
Components of the BBB:
Tight junctions between the capillary endothelial cells
Continuous homogenous basement membrane
Numerous astrocytic processes
Parts devoid of Blood Brain Barrier - circumventircular organs (CVO).
The pineal body
The subcommissural organ
The subfornical organ
The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (supra-optic crest)
The median eminence
The neurohypophysis
The area postrema
Formation of Circle of Willis:
This is the communication between vessels about the interpeduncular fossa.
It encircles the optic chiasma, tuber cinereum and interpeduncular region.
Formed by these arteries:
Posterior cerebral
Internal carotid
Posterior communicating
Middle cerebral
Anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating
The Internal Carotid Artery:
Summary of the branches
Hypophyseal branches to the hypophysis cerebri
Ophthalmic artery
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Middle cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery causes medial medullary syndrome, presenting with inferior alternating hemiplegia.
Ipsilateral paralysis of tongue.
Contralateral hemiplegia.
Contralateral sensory deficits.
Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebelllar artery causes lateral medullary syndrome featured
Contralateral hemianaesthesia of the body below the head.
Ipsilateral hemianaesthesia of the face.
Cerebellar dysfunction.
Speech and swallowing disorders.
Horners syndrome.
Occlusion of the paramedian branches of the basilar arteries causes middle alternating hemiplegia.
Contralateral hemiplegia.
Medial deviation of the eyeball.
Obstruction of the short circumferential arteries from the basilar artery cause:
Ipsilateral cerebellar dysfunction
Autonomic disturbances
Contralateral hemianaesthesia
Occlusion of the mesencephalic branch of the posterior cerebral artery causes Weber's syndrome:
Contralateral hemiplegia
Ipsilateral lateral deviation of the eyeball
Cerebral Cortical Vascular Lesions
Occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery causes a triad of:
Contralateral hemiplegia
Hemianopia
Hemi hyperacusis
Occlusion of anterior cerebral arteries may cause:
Contralateral hemiplegia
Contralateral hemianaesthesia ( both mainly affect the lower limb)
Agnosia
Personality changes
Occlusion of the calcarine artery causes homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing (Tunnel vison):
Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery near the origin of its cortical branches causes
Contralateral hemiplegia , most marked in the upper extremity and face.
Contralateral loss of position sense and discriminatory touch.
Global aphasia if its on the dominant side.
Partial deafness.
Components of the BBB:
Tight junctions between the capillary endothelial cells
Continuous homogenous basement membrane
Numerous astrocytic processes
Parts devoid of Blood Brain Barrier - circumventircular organs (CVO).
The pineal body
The subcommissural organ
The subfornical organ
The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (supra-optic crest)
The median eminence
The neurohypophysis
The area postrema
Formation of Circle of Willis:
This is the communication between vessels about the interpeduncular fossa.
It encircles the optic chiasma, tuber cinereum and interpeduncular region.
Formed by these arteries:
Posterior cerebral
Internal carotid
Posterior communicating
Middle cerebral
Anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating
The Internal Carotid Artery:
Summary of the branches
Hypophyseal branches to the hypophysis cerebri
Ophthalmic artery
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Middle cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery
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