KINDEY & ACID BASE BALANCE IMP POINTS

• Epithelium of Thin loop of henle has flat attenuated cells
• Epithelium of thick ascending loop of henle has coboid cells
• Walls of afferent arterioles have rennin secreting JG cells. At this point the tubular epithelium Is modified to form macula densa. 
• JG clls, macula densa and LACIS cells near them are collectively called JG apparatus
• PCT have distinct brush border while DCT do have few microcilli but no distinct brush border
• The pressure in glomerular capilleries is higher than other capillary bed because
1. Afferent arterioles are short
2. Efferent arterioles have higher resistance
• Loop of henle is counter current multiplier
• Vasa recta are counter current exchanger
• Counter current exchange is passive process. It depends upon the movement of water.
• Sympathetic nerves have no role in micturition… they have role in preventing retrograde ejaculation.
• Major buffer of the body is bicarbonate system
• Major interstitial buffer is bicrab
• Major buffer in the blood is also bicarb
• Major intrcellular buffer is protein
• Major defense of tonicity of body fluids is by ADH and thirst mechanisms.
• Major defense for the volume is angiotensin II coz it stimulates aldosterone, thirst and constricts vessels